Constellation in LTE


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The QPSK is the most robust modulation. It can be represented by a constellation:
The radius, R, represents the amplitude.
The angle, φ, represents the phase.

There are 1 amplitude but 4 phases to 4 different states.
2 bits can be coded with 1 QPSK symbol.

The 16-QAM can modulate 4 bits per symbol.


The 64-QAM can modulate 6 bits per symbol.